Articles by: Jerome Krase

  • Op-Eds

    Ellis Island Is Not Answer

    To call America’s immigration policy an instance of “social engineering” would be too kind a judgment. As is true of the current EU policies, it was an attempt to manage the human deluge of 1880-1920, and to filter out those who might ideologically, culturally, and genetically threaten the nation. During its busiest years Ellis Island processed one million every year. The United Nations estimates about the same number are loudly knocking on Europe’s door today.

    Rather than being a welcome mat, Ellis Island was a late Victorian scientific sorting machine. The only invitations the lowly steerage passengers received were from labor contractors and, if lucky, friends and relatives here who swore they would take care of them through the guaranteed bad times.

    America was on the verge of greatness and Big Business and Industry needed a huge labor pool in order to grow and prosper. It was that demand that trumped Nativist xenophobia and the antagonism of a nascent, increasingly militant organized labor movement. As was true of four miserable centuries of African slave trade, it was the work and not the worker that was welcomed to the shores.

    The poet in me likes to think of these competing sentiments as variations on the theme of Emma Lazarus’ 1883 sonnet “New Colossus.”

    “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I need cheap labor to lower wages, inside the Golden Door!”
     

    ‘Melting Pot’ American Style
    The success of the American “Melting Pot” has less to do with good intentions than with accidentally good outcomes. Rather than being the last stop on a long journey, arrival
    in New York Harbor was the first step on an even longer one. Twelve million bodies passed through the Ellis Island portal their way to elsewhere. Some had no idea what lay before them but, like the shores of Lampedusa, “here” was better than “there.” I have written in several places about the Coney Island Avenue Bus I often take to Brooklyn College.

    In a Voice of America program I called it a “Magical Bus.”. It begins its journey in an almost totally white upper middle class neighborhood and, most of the time, slowly moves through Afro-American, Caribbean, Mexican, Pakistani, Orthodox Jewish, and Chinese enclaves, ending in a Russian/ Ukrainian section called “Little Odessa.” As these mostly “New American” passengers embark and disembark along the route— Blacks and Whites, Latinos and Anglos, Jews and Muslims—they seldom cross ethnic lines with words or signs of mutual recognition. Frankly speaking, I don’t think they like each other very much.

    American society is like this bus. From the last Great Immigration Wave that crashed upon Ellis Island to the present ebbs and flows, America has worked despite its unnatural diversity because it has unconsciously been structured in such a way that for immigrants to get what they want—prosperity, education, a decent place to live, safety and security— they must cooperate with people with whom they are different; especially with people you don’t like and who return the favor. If there is a conflict between passengers on that magical bus and people don’t cooperate they’re not going to get where they want to go. Europeans think America’s “Melting Pot” works by eliminating differences.

    On the contrary, America’s immigrants learn that even though they may not be welcome, they can learn how to get to their destination without discarding the baggage they brought from home. For many years I have served as a resource for the U.S. State Department’s International VisitorsProgram. I have oftengiventours of Brooklyn neighborhoods that displaythe marvels of American diversity and, not incidentally, tolerance and cooperation among ethnic groups that could be a model for Europe.

    On one occasion I took a group of junior diplomats from emerging Eastern and Central European democracies (Georgia, Romania, and Ukraine if I remember correctly) for a ride on the “Magical Bus.” The ethnic kaleidoscope stunned them. To find out the stop to transfer for their return to Manhattan

    I asked a female passenger. She didn’t speak English but I recognized her Russian response. My guests all spoke Russian so one went over to get directions from her. Upon returned he admitted he was puzzled. “She speaks no English, but she told me she was an “American.”
     

    Reasons to Worry
    As everyone knows, Brooklyn is not America where more than a third of its two and a
    half million residents are foreign-born. In comparison, foreign-born residents make up about an eighth of the total USA population. Also, although “minorities” comprise more than one-third of the nation they were not evenly distributed, but concentrate along its edges. Hispanics are the largest group, with 46 million persons (15% of the population). Blacks are second, with 41 million (13.5 %), followed fast-growing Asians, at 15.2 million (5%). The US Census Bureau has predicted that by 2042, more than half of the population will be minorities, with much due to immigration. Some take this as a warning.
     

    Today it is Latinos and Muslims rather than Italians and Jews who receive the
    most unwanted attention. Although not yet as menacing as France’s National Front, Germany’s Pergida, or Italy’s Northern League, “Columbia the Gem of the Ocean” has its own ugly array of white supremacists and antigovernment agitators.

    Right-wing Presidential candidates call for building high walls patrolled by armed guards to keep out Latinos, and deporting hundreds of thousands of those who have contributed mightily to our economy. One of them, Donald Trump, calls for banning Muslims from entering America through any portal. Pew Research Center polls show that 46 % of Americans believe “Islam is more likely than other faiths to encourage violence against nonbelievers.” The son of America’s Evangelical icon, Billy Graham, tells his flock that it is a “religion of hatred” and “war.” As to comparative bigotry, the 2014 Pew Global Attitudes Survey found 27 % of Frenchmen, 33 % of Germans, and 63 % of Italians have unfavorable feelings towards Muslims.

    It seems obvious to me that for immigrants on both sides of the Atlantic there is a big difference between getting through the “Golden Door” and being inside the house. Despite, or perhaps because, of its historic diversity America remains benevolently intolerant.
  • Life & People

    Ethnic Changes in Little and Big Italy


    When people talk about ethnicity, food always seems to come to mind.  For example, some call the U.S. a “melting pot,” where every immigrant group eventually dissolves into a homogeneous soup.  Others think America is more like a “stew pot,” where separate hyphenated pieces float around in blended gravy.  The latest ethnic taste is the multicultural “salad bowl,” where diverse groups share only a dash of dressing.  In any of these American recipes, Italians have been a major ingredient.



    Over the course of the last century, millions of Italian immigrants changed American cities by creating Italian colonies and Little Italies in one form or another.  They did this not merely by the power of superior numbers, but by changing the appearances and uses of these places.  By the 1970s the demography, as well as the meanings of those Italian American enclaves, were challenged by the influx of new immigrant groups.  Today some of the best known Little Italies remain as little more than what I have called, “Italian-American Ethnic Theme Parks.”  These are places which are virtually Italian in name only.



    Back in the country of origin, something similar is beginning to happen.  Italy has, for centuries, been a major source of emigrants, but it has only been since the 1980s that it has been the recipient of large numbers of foreigners seeking more than temporary residence.  Even more recently, the demography of the most symbolically “Italian” of Italian cities has been changing in response to immigrants.  As we can see how American cities became Italianized and then became less so, we can observe today how Italian spaces are losing their Italianità in response to immigrant settlements and especially their local commercial practices.

    I have been studying and photographing neighborhoods in Italian America and in Italy for almost three decades now.  My first focused project was to compare the appearance of Italian neighborhoods across the United States with each other.  The second step was to compare those places in the U.S. with the places in Italy from which Italian-Americans came.  As all these comparisons were going on, I began to see how Italian-American neighborhoods in the U.S. and eventually Italy itself were visibly changing in response to the influx of newcomers.



    Many Italian cities now have significant populations of non-Italian origin and identifiable immigrant areas.  By American standards, finding 3 million or so foreigners in the midst of Italy’s approximately 60 million residents wouldn’t be worth the effort, but to Italians, these relative small numbers are a big issue, especially as they begin to concentrate in certain areas, such as Africans in the Piazza Garibaldi in Naples and Chinese in Rome’s L’Esquilino district near the central train station.



    I conducted research in Rome, courtesy the University of Rome, La Sapienza, in 1998.  When I returned in 2003, I re-photographed the L’Esquilino district almost street by street.  What immediately came to mind as I walked around the neighborhood were images of two of America’s most famous Little Italies – Mulberry Street in New York and North Beach in San Francisco, both of which today, with the exception of strips of Ethnic Theme Park, are almost totally absorbed by burgeoning Chinatowns.  Just as Italian-American residents of Little Italies are resistant to neighborhood change, so seem to be their Italian counterparts according to The Washington Post’s Daniel Williams who wrote in 2004 that “Chinatown Is a Hard Sell in Italy” (March 1, 2004, A 11).  He noted that L’Esquilino was becoming a Chinatown, and that in response, Roman officials were trying to prevent the “development of ethnic neighborhoods.”  The authorities were making it difficult for Chinese merchants to concentrate their wholesale clothing and other outlets in the district and trying to keep a diverse offering of stores.  If American Little Italies are a clue to the future of Big Italy, Marco Polo may be unceremoniously removed from the pantheon of national heroes.

     

    (Originally published in US-Italia Weekly)